New copyright ruling affects educators


K-12 was unable to prove that high-quality clips are essential to accomplish learning goals.
K-12 was unable to prove that clips are essential to accomplish learning goals. Copyright: opensourceway

A new ruling from the U.S. Copyright Office will affect how higher-education students and teachers can use digital material in the classroom, thanks to the efforts a university professor who says that increasing students’ digital literacy is a responsibility educators can’t afford to brush off.

The change is part of a new interpretation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), a U.S. copyright law that criminalizes production and dissemination of software, devices, or services intended to circumvent the digital rights management (DRM) technology that controls access to copyrighted works. The U.S. Copyright Office, a branch of the Library of Congress that meets to discuss exemptions every three years, oversees management of the DMCA.

Renee Hobbs, professor of communication at Temple University’s School of Communications and Theater, was one of a handful of educators who led a formal petition of the Copyright Office in 2009 to receive an exemption that would allow educators and students to legally “rip” excerpts of copy-protected movie DVDs for comment and criticism in media or film studies classes. “Ripping” is the process of copying audio or video content to a hard disk, typically from removable media.

Thanks to this small but determined group’s efforts, certain higher-education students and teachers now can rip movie excerpts legally to make commentaries and compilations, as well as other works.

Hobbs, who teaches courses in media literacy and media’s effects on children and society, says the change will help college-level instructors and students use excerpts from copyrighted materials to create “remix” videos for a wide variety of instructional purposes. For example, a recent video from a student in one of her courses used clips from 25 different movies to comment on how menstruation is negatively depicted in film.

“Remix videos … can be used to question some of the assumptions of contemporary culture and offer a critical perspective,” Hobbs said.

Before the new ruling, she explained, the DMCA made it illegal to rip portions of DVDs by bypassing the copy-protection code on a disc using easily available software programs such as Handbrake, unless the user qualified for a special exemption given in 2006 to film professors—the only educators who were legally entitled to rip film excerpts from movies owned by their department libraries for teaching and learning.

“Media literacy educators depend on the use of copyrighted materials,” Hobbs said. “We can’t do our job without using them. Educators want to be lawful, and we didn’t want to bypass encryption when it wasn’t legal to do so.”

Thanks to the new ruling, Hobbs’ students studying mass media and children will be asked to develop projects that explore various themes in children’s movies. Hobbs said she will feel more confident about requiring her students to use screen capture tools like Jing to develop writing and speaking skills.

However, not all students and professors are affected by the ruling.

Students can legally rip movie excerpts only for their work in film or media studies courses—meaning students in subjects like history and sociology won’t have the exemption. K-12 students and teachers also are still at a disadvantage.

The Copyright Office deemed K-12 teachers and students ineligible for the exemption, and instead indicated that they should use only screen captures of a film, because K-12 education doesn’t need access to visually high-quality clips, officials ruled.

Hobbs speculated that the exemption’s lack of reach might have to do with pressure from the film industry.

“The [Motion Picture Association of America] and Warner Brothers did not wish to see this exemption expanded, that’s for certain,” she said. “Even though the film industry acknowledges the legal rights of educators and students to create film clip compilations, they pointed out that it doesn’t have to be easy.”

Hobbs said the screen capture tools used by many K-12 schools, such as Jing or Camtasia, don’t require bypassing a DVD’s encryption code. That encryption code is known as the Content Scramble System, or CSS, and is employed on almost all commercially available DVDs in order to protect DRM.

“The Copyright Office wanted to limit the exemption only to those groups who could prove a reasonable harm, and who could demonstrate that bypassing CSS encryption is the only way to accomplish fair-use purposes,” she said, adding: “The Copyright Office has acknowledged that screen capture is a legal resource for K-12 classrooms and non-film/media students, and truthfully, that may be all that’s really necessary for many student projects. But when student work is submitted to film festivals or designed to be viewed on the big screen, then high-quality images are essential.”

Hobbs said she and her colleagues will continue to fight for education’s digital media rights at the Copyright Office’s next hearing in 2012.

In preparation for the hearing, Hobbs and her colleagues will invite K-12 educators to help demonstrate the need to bypass CSS for educational purposes.

“We want to be able to assemble a list of ‘projects not undertaken’ due to the current ruling. We especially want examples of where students need to be able to bypass CSS or where screen capture is not adequate for a particular project. We also want to be able to prove that image quality makes a difference, especially in classrooms where controlling light … makes for image display problems,” she said.

Educators who have examples to share should eMail Hobbs at renee.hobbs@temple.edu.

Hobbs, who has spent more than 20 years advocating for media literacy education, is a prolific author and recently published Copyright Clarity: How Fair Use Supports Digital Learning.

The book outlines three key perspectives on the future of copyright in relation to the needs of students and teachers and explains how the future of education will be at risk if educators don’t fully understand their rights under the law.

“Educators need to understand the strengths and limitations of each of these arguments because we are creators of intellectual property ourselves,” she said. “Educators often ‘sign away’ their intellectual property rights to employers or publishers simply because of ignorance. We may also violate copyright without awareness or communicate misinformation to our students. Our ignorance is limiting our ability to use the power of digital media to create transformative learning experiences with our students.”

Hobbs and her colleagues are holding a day-long workshop at Temple University Center City Campus, called “Copyright Clarity” on Aug. 19 that is designed as a train-the-trainers program.

The program fee is $99, which includes lunch and a copy of Hobbs’ book. Educators can register for the program online at: http://mediaeducationlab.com/copyright-clarity-train-trainers-workshop

“Our culture is in a time where the concept of authorship and ownership are in transformation,” Hobbs said, “and K-12 educational leaders need to participate as advocates in ensuring that the law continues to support the essential and timeless values of education.”

Links:

Temple University School of Communications and Theater

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Renee Hobbs: renee.hobbs@temple.edu

Note to readers:

Don’t forget to visit the Communication and Collaboration for More Effective School Management resource center. The ability to work together on group projects is seen as an increasingly important skill for the 21st-century workplace, and a growing number of schools are rewriting their curriculum to include opportunities for students to communicate and collaborate as a result.
Go to:

Communication and Collaboration for More Effective School Management

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